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Posted on December 21, 2011 by Services

Garden Leave / Gardening Leave

Posted on December 9, 2011 by Services

In order to set out the law in relation to Garden Leave, I will start by providing a definition of Garden leave in the context of employment contracts. I will then go on to consider to what extent they are enforceable, dealing particularly when compared to the enforceability of restraint of trade clauses. Further I shall consider methods of enforcing garden leave clauses.

Smith & Thomas define gardening leave as a scenario where to protect a company from competition, where an employee is leaving who may possess sensitive commercial information and relationships with company clients, a clause in the employee’s contract obligates them to stay at home and not work for a very long period of time on full pay. Further they argue that the time period of Gardening leave varies between a 6 months to year long notice period and throughout this time there is an implied term that the employee will not work in competition or breach confidentiality.

The key case which sets out law dealing with the limitations on garden leave is William Hill Organisation Ltd v Tucker [1998] IRLR 313 it was held that in the absence of a contract provision prescribing a period of Garden leave where an employee benefits from doing the work professionally aside from economic benefits her receives. The court relied on the ratio in Turner v Sawdon & Co . [l90l] 2 KB 653 which was approved by the House of Lords in Herbert Clayton and Jack Waller Ltd v Oliver [l930] AC 209 in that the term “employ” needed to be given a flexible meaning on one hand provision of work would not necessarily have to be guaranteed. However on the other hand where the nature of the profession of the employee requires that he needs to be in work to progress his career, such as public displays from an actor, than, if work were not provided the employer would likely be in breach of the contract of employment.

There was a similar ratio in Langston v AUEW (No.2) [l974] ICR 5l0 at page 52l. and also Herbert Clayton and Jack Waller v Oliver [l930] A.C. 209 as regards theatrical performers, following the line of reasoning in Fechter v Montgomery (l863) 33 Beav. 22, Marbe v George Edwardes (Daly’s Theatre) Ltd [l928] l KB 269, Herbert Clayton and Jack Waller Ltd v Oliver [l930] AC 209, Driscoll v Australian RMSN Co . (l859) l F & F 458), Collier v Sunday Referee Publishing Co. Ltd [l940] 2 KB 647, Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd [l909] AC, Devonald v Rosser [l906] 2 KB 728 and Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd [l909] AC 488. The courts have not applied the same ratio where contracts have been indefinite for a fixed wage as evidenced in cases such as Turner v Sawdon & Co [l90l] 2 KB 653 and Collier v Sunday Referee Publishing Co. Ltd [l940] 2 KB 647.

Where the parties contract that an employer does not have to provide work, there is no obligation to provide work as held in Provident Financial Group v Hayward [l989] ICR l60. As regards obtaining injunctions to enforce garden leave clauses it was held in William Hill Organisation Ltd v Tucker [1998] IRLR 313 the court referred to Credit Suisse v Armstrong [l996] ICR 882, 892 in arguing that it was simpler to do than in relation to restraint of trade clauses.

It was held in Devonald v Rosser & Sons [l906] 2 K.B. 728 in addition to the money remuneration for doing work, there is an obligation that a reasonable amount or work be provided. However there is an exception to this as held in Turner v Sawdon & Co. [l90l] 2 K.B. 653 where there is no particular reason that consideration should consist of anything apart from pay.

Enforcement

In Evening Standard Co Ltd v Henderson [1987] ICR 588, [1987] IRLR 64 CA it was held that injunctions could be utilised to prevent employees breaching garden leave clauses. The court took into account in this case that there was a continuing relationship inclusive of trust and confidence and in this context it would be in the interests of justice to grant the injunction. There was a similar ratio in Euro Brokers Ltd v Rabey [1995] IRLR 206 regarding a money broker. There has also been support from this point of view from academics such as Smith, Thomas, Freedland and Gouldring.3 In Warner Bros, v. Nelson (1937) 1 K.B. 209 it was held that an employee could not be forced by way of injunction to continue working for an employer, however this was case was distinguished in Evening Standard Co Ltd v Henderson [1987] ICR 588 the issue was as to preventing the claimant from working for another party in the garden leave notice period. However where there is little evidence that an employer will suffer any detriment if an employee works for a competitor towards the end of a garden leave notice period, as held in Provident Financial Group plc v Hayward [1989] ICR 160, [1989] IRLR 84 an injunction will generally be refused in those circumstances.

However in Symbian Ltd v Christiensen [2001] IRLR 77 CA the following anti-competitive/confidentiality clause was construed to apply throughout the term of the contract which was deemed to include the gardening clause notice period. “shall not during the term of this Agreement (except as a representative of the Group or with the prior consent in writing of the Board such consent not to be unreasonably withheld) be directly or indirectly engaged or concerned or interested in any capacity in any trade business or occupation whatsoever other than the business of the Group whether or not competing in any material respect with the Business.” In Credit Suisse Asset Management Ltd v Armstrong [1996] ICR 882, [1996] IRLR 450 CA it was held that where there is a restraint of trade clause in addition to a gardening leave clause in a contract, they must be construed particularly reasonably.

Length

The length of a garden leave notice period also affects whether it will be enforceable or not. It was held in GFI Group Inc v Eaglestone [1994] IRLR 119 that a garden leave notice period of 20 weeks should be reduced to a more reasonable length of 13 weeks.

In Cantor Fitzgerald International v George [2002] IRLR 867 it was held employers should not impose excessive Garden leave notice periods in employment contracts.

Payment during Garden Leave notice period

It was held in Clark v Nomura International plc [2000] IRLR 766 that the payment during a Garden leave notice period should consist of all the money and other benefits the employee would have had he been working during the period of notice.

It was held in Fulham Football Club (1987) Ltd v Jean Tigana [2005] EWCA Civ 895, [2004] EWHC 2585 QB that the parities to a contract containing a garden leave clause can limit the contractual obligations of the employee.

In another football case it was held that Crystal Palace FC (2000) Ltd v Stephen Bruce[2001] that knowledge of contract negotiations could be a ground on which an employer could rely to justify a gardening leave clause so that a rival football club would not have access to sensitive information.

In Sendo Holdings plc (in administration) v Brogan [2005] EWHC 2040 (QB) it was held that companies in administration upon pre-empting a sale of the business were justified in enforcing garden-leave clauses, even when they had no immediate competitive interests to protect.

Relationship between Restraint of trade and Gardening leave clauses

In TFS Derivatives Ltd. v Morgan [2004] EWHC 3181 it was held by Justice Cox that the presence of a gardening leave clause did not necessarily mean there was no need for a restraint of trade clause.

Misconduct

As regards where an employee has been involved in misconduct in SG & R Valuation Service Co v. Boudrais & others, it was held [2008] EWHC 1340 (QB) that “In my judgment, therefore, the law is clear. Employees who have a right to work
have that right subject to the qualification that they have not, as a result of some
prior breach of contract or other duty, demonstrated in a serious way that they are
not ready or willing to work, or to put it another way, that they have not rendered it
impossible or reasonably impracticable for the employer to provide work. The
breach of contract or other duty must constitute wrongdoing, by reason of which
they will profit or potentially profit. In such circumstances, there is no obligation
on the employer to provide work, although the contract of employment is ongoing.
This is not an implied term in the employment contract but is a qualification to the
legal construct, the right to work.” Therefore in the absence of restraint of trade clause providing the above criteria are fulfilled an employer can send an employee home until their notice period expires. This ratio was followed in Gogay v. Hertfordshire CC [2000] IRLR 703 and also more recently in Standard Life Healthcare Ltd v. Gorman & others [2009] EWHC 791.

One can see that the case law in this area is very varied and that there are two broad categories of cases. On the one hand we have the cases where a gardening clause is not within the contract and on the other hand those where there is no gardening leave clause. What is clear is that an employee falls within an obligation to observe the reasonable terms of his contract and where there is no gardening leave clause the courts have been less inclined to impose an implied obligation. The scope of reasonableness in this context extends to the nature of any gardening leave clauses and particularly their length. It is clear the courts do not wish for clauses to be unreasonable and this trend of judicial interpretation appears to extend from the courts’ experience dealing with restraint of trade cases such as Herbert Morris Ltd v Saxelby [1916] 1 AC 688 and Allied Dunbar (Frank Weisinger) Ltd v Weisinger [1988] IRLR 60. With the Gardening leave option, although it may be expensive for employers in the short term as regards the remuneration at the same level as when the employee is at the work place, in the long term by protecting the commercial interests of the organisation, this may well be a small price to pay. However as we have seen above there are a number of limitations to the applicability of garden leave clauses. This is most notable where due to the nature of the employee’s profession unless they are continually working their skills may suffer. This means that even if a garden leave clause is present with a contract of employment, is may be null and void for invalidity. A practical option for an employer in that scenario would be to provide the employee with alternate work, in an environment, where the commercial interests of the company are not put at risk. This appears to be a simple solution, however it may not always be practical in the circumstances. Nevertheless it remains. As regards remedies, where an employee may leave an organisation in possession of commercial information, the damage caused to the company may be beyond immediate quantification. Arguably the provision of an injunction as a remedy provides a suitable method of enforcement. However this comes with its own limitations and an employer is faced with proving the grounds for the granting of an injunction pursuant to American Cyanamid Co v. Ethicon Ltd [2001] 1 WLR 194 in addition to those associated with providing justification for the argument that the gardening leave clause is reasonable. As we can see the case law with reference to Garden Leave is complex but enlightening.

Garden Leave Developed

The Law

The starting point is that employees owe duties to their employer of good faith and fidelity, not without reasonable and proper cause to act in a manner calculated or likely to destroy or seriously damage the relationship of trust and confidence between them and the employer as held in Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (in liquidation) [1998] AC 20 They also have a duty not to misuse confidential information.

Where employees are senior they have additional fiduciary responsibilities to their employers as held in University of Nottingham v Fishel [2000] ICR 1462. In order to protect the interests of the business in the absence of a gardening leave clause, it would be advisable for an employer to seek a prohibitory injunction. It was held in SG & R Valuation Service Co v. Boudrais & others applying William Hill Organisation Ltd v Tucker [1999] ICR 291, that where the defendants’ work is specialised and they have substantial professional abilities and occupy a senior position in the company it would not be appropriate to deny them work. In this case the applicable notice period was for three months and it was deemed due to their skills, too long a time to deprive them of work. Pursuant to cases such as William Hill Organisation Ltd v Tucker [1999] ICR 291 and Collier v Sunday Referee Publishing Co [1940] KB 647 where employees have been denied the right to work this may amount to a repudiatory breach of contract, in relation to which the employee may consider the employment contract ended. It was held in Miles v Wakefield Metropolitan Borough Council [1987] AC 539 that where employees are asserting a right to work they must demonstrate a readiness and willingness to work.

In SG & R Valuation Service Co v. Boudrais & others it was held that Employers are also under an obligation as set out by Harvey on Industrial Relations and Employment Law. At paragraph [563]-[570] and as held in Langston v Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers [1974] ICR 180 to not “unreasonably withhold work when there is work available to be done”.

Further in SG & R Valuation Service Co v. Boudrais & others4 it was held applying Thomas Marshall (Exports) Ltd v Guinle [1979] 1 Ch 227 that where an employee has committed an act of misconduct, their right to work may not be practicably applied and therefore this right may not be available to them in that context. The misconduct should amount to a breach of contract for this exception to apply where a right to work has been determined. It was held that “ the first and second defendants, in my judgment, remain employed by the claimant. Until the notice period elapses they therefore remain subject to continuing contractual and other duties. In keeping them away from work there has been no repudiatory breach by the claimant for the first and second defendants to accept, as they purported to do in the letter of their lawyers of 16th April. There was reasonable and proper cause for the claimant to make its demand that they remain at home.”

As regards the mutuality of obligation and the sequence of mutual repudiatory breaches having considered RDF Media Group plc v Clements [2007] EWHC 2892; [2008] IRLR 207, Bremer Vulcan Schiffbau und Maschinenfabrik v South India Shipping Corp [1981] AC 909 and Paal Wilson v Partenreederei Hannah Blumenthal [1983] 1 AC 854 in SG & R Valuation Service Co v. Boudrais & others it was held that in the particular circumstance sequential breaches had occurred therefore, unlike the distinguishing features in the above cases, an employee would be able to choose a particular repudiatory breach of the employer to rely, however this would not have been the case had the employee been responsible for destroying the mutual trust and confidence in the first place.

In SG & R Valuation Service Co v. Boudrais & others it was held that an employer can be entitled to springboard relief. The term Springboard as discussed in Roger Bullivant Ltd v Ellis [1987] ICR 464 refers to the ability of employees in possession of confidential information to make a greater effective use of the information potentially detrimentally to a claimant, which may not be possible if an injunction was granted to prevent them acting on the basis of the confidential information. As held in Midas IT Services v Opus Portfolio Ltd 21st December 1999, springboard relief is a remedy which enables an employer “to deprive wrongdoers of the fruits of their breach of duty and to restore the position to before the wrongdoing”. However this type of relief will not be available where the confidential information has been handed back to an employer.

On the basis as held in Provident Group plc v Hayward [1989] ICR 160 where a period of notice is not excessive, employers are entitled to rely on the notice clause in an employment contract. Another feature which should not be present is that the application of the notice clause amount to restraint of trade or generally anti-competitive nor anything more radical than the purpose of the notice clause, requiring employees to work out the duration of the notice period that they contracted to do.

It was also held in this case that where “The defendants are protected by the undertakings to pay their salaries and the cross-undertakings as to damages. There can be no legitimate expectation that the defendants would have had work during the notice period.” This being in the context that the defendants’ behaviour in this case in appropriating confidential information and having formed an intention whilst working for the Claimant to set up in competition against them, they could not expect to work out there notice period, where they would have had access to commercial information which would aid them in their industrial espionage campaign. Finally it was held that “The claimant should not be expected to lose the benefit of the notice period and the sterilisation of the defendants’ activity during that period.” Here we can see that the aim of this statement was to protect the employer. The law is very clear on the matter as regards the effect of misconduct determining whether an employee is entitled to come and do work in the employer’s property during the notice period.

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Legal Information Sources

Posted on January 6, 2012 by Services

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Devonald v Rosser [l906] 2 KB 728

Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd [l909] AC 488.

Provident Financial Group v Hayward [l989] ICR l60.

William Hill Organisation Ltd v Tucker [1998] IRLR 313

Credit Suisse v Armstrong [l996] ICR 882,

Devonald v Rosser & Sons [l906] 2 K.B. 728

Turner v Sawdon & Co. [l90l] 2 K.B. 653

Evening Standard Co Ltd v Henderson [1987] ICR 588, [1987] IRLR 64 CA

Euro Brokers Ltd v Rabey [1995] IRLR 206

M, Freedland, “Industrial Conflict Law” (1989) 18 ILJ 112

Gouldring, “Injunctions and contracts of employment: the Evening Standard doctrine (1990) 19 ILJ

Warner Bros, v. Nelson (1937) 1 K.B. 209

Symbian Ltd v Christiensen [2001] IRLR 77 CA

Credit Suisse Asset Management Ltd v Armstrong [1996] ICR 882, [1996] IRLR 450

GFI Group Inc v Eaglestone [1994] IRLR 119

Cantor Fitzgerald International v George [2002] IRLR 867

Clark v Nomura International plc [2000] IRLR 766

Fulham Football Club (1987) Ltd v Jean Tigana [2005] EWCA Civ 895, [2004] EWHC 2585 QB

Crystal Palace FC (2000) Ltd v Stephen Bruce [2001]

Sendo Holdings plc (in administration) v Brogan [2005] EWHC 2040 (QB)

TFS Derivatives Ltd. v Morgan [2004] EWHC 3181

SG & R Valuation Service Co v. Boudrais & others, it was held [2008] EWHC 1340 (QB)

Gogay v. Hertfordshire CC [2000] IRLR 703

Standard Life Healthcare Ltd v. Gorman & others [2009] EWHC 791.

Herbert Morris Ltd v Saxelby [1916] 1 AC 688

Allied Dunbar (Frank Weisinger) Ltd v Weisinger [1988] IRLR 60.

American Cyanamid Co v. Ethicon Ltd [2001] 1 WLR

Knight v Knight (1840) 3

Hunter v Moss [1994], Re London Wine Co (Shippers) Ltd (1975) 126 NLJ 977

Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd [1995] 1 AC 74). 1

Palmer v Simmonds (1854) 16 Sim

Boyce v Boyce (1849) 16 Sim 476

Law of Property Act 1925

Sen v Headley [1991] Ch 425

Cain v Moon [1862] 2 QB

Birch v Treasury Solicitor [1951] Ch 298

Re Barlow’s Will Trust [1979]

Paul v Constance [1977] 1 WLR 527

Re Mustapha (1891) 8 TLR 160

Re Craven’s Estate [1937] Ch 423

Strong v Bird (1874) LR 18 Eq 315

Re Ralli’s Trusts [1964] Ch 288

Pennington v Waine [2002] 1 WLR 2075

T.Choithram International SA v Pagarani [2001] 1 WLR 1 PC

Lambes v Eames (1871) 6 Ch App 597.

Re Adams & Kensington Vestry (1884) 27 ChD 394

Comiskey v Bowring –Hanbury [1905] AC

Mental Capacity Act 2005

R, Pearce & J, Stevens, “The Law of Trust and Equitable Obligations”, (4 Edn, Oxford University Press 2006)

Milroy v Lord (1862) 4 De GF & J 26

Re Rose [1952] Ch 499 (CA)

Articles

1. Baker P.V, ‘Land as donatio mortis causa’, [1993] L.Q.R., 19-21

2. Garton, J, ‘The role of the trust mechanism in the rile in Re Rose’, [2003], Conv., 364-379

3. Halliwell, M, ‘Perfecting imperfect gifts and trusts: have we reached the end of the Chancellor’s foot?’, [2003], Conv., 192-202

Books

1. R, Pearce, and J, Stevens, “The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations” (3rd Ed), 2002, (Butterworths LexisNexis, London)

2. D, Hayton, D, and C, Marshall, “The Law of Trusts and Equitable Remedies” (12th Ed), 2005, (Thomson Sweet & Maxwell)

3. Oxford, “A Dictionary of Law”, 6th Ed, 2006 (Oxford University Press)

4. Wilkie, M, Malcolm, R, Luxton, Peter, “Questions and Answers Equity and Trusts”, (6th Ed), 2008, (Oxford University Press)

5. R, Pearce and J, Stevens, “The Law of Trusts and Equitable obligations” (Oxford University Press, Fourth Edition, 2006) op cit page 196

6. Hanbury & Martin, “Modern Equity” (17th Edition, 2005)

7. Hayton and Marshall, “Commentary and Case on the Law of Trusts and Equitable Remedies (Sweet & Maxwell Press, 2001)

8. P, Todd, S, Lowe, “Textbook on Trusts” (Fifth edition, Blackstone Press Limited)

Cases

Richards v Delbridge (1874) LR 18 Eq 11 at 14.

Saulnier v Anderson [1987] N.B.J. No. 830

Paul v Constance [I977] l WLR 527, CA.

Jones v Lock (1865) 1 Ch App 25.

Milroy v Lord (1862) 4 De GF & J 264

Pennington v Waine [2001] 1 WLR 275

Strong v Bird [1874] LR 18 Eq 315

Re Freeland [1952] Ch ll0;

Re Wale [1956] WLR 1346;

Choithram v Pagarani [2001J 2 All ER 492

Re James [1935] Ch 449

Re Gonin [1979] CH 16

Fletcher v Fletcher [1844] 4 Hare 67

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999

Re Kay’s Settlement [1939] Ch 329

Re Cook’s Settlement Trusts [1965] Ch 902

Mascall v Mascall [1984] 50 P & CR 119 CA

Re Johnson (l905) 92 LT 357, per Farwell J;

Re Craven’s Estate [1937] Ch 423, Per Farwell J;

Delgoffe v Fader [1939] Ch 922, per Luxmore U;

Birch v Treasury Solicitor [1951] Ch 298.

Smallacombe v Elder’s Trustee & Executor Co Ltd [1963] WAR at 4-5

Re Lillingston [1952] 2 All ER 184 at 187,

Wilkes v Allington [1931] 2 Ch 104,

Gardner v Parker (IBIS) 3 Madd IB4;

Staniland v Willott (lB52) 3 Mac & G 664;

Keys v Hore (lB79) 13 ILT 58.

Birch v Treasury Solicitor [1951] Ch 298

Woodard v Woodard [1991] Fam Law 470

J, Fairhurst, “Law of the European Union”, (Longman Publishing 2007)

P, Craig, and G, De Burca, “EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials”, (Oxford University Press, 2008 4th edn)

Commission v Italy (C-51/83) [1984] ECR 2793

Commission v Netherlands (C-350/02) [2004] I-6213

Commission v France (C-1/00) [2001] ECR I-9989

Commission v Spain C-278/01

G, De Burca, “The Institutional Development of the EU: A Constitutional Analysis page 55 in P, Craig and G, De Burca, “The Evolution of EU Law” (Oxford University Press, 2003)

Commission Report SEC(95)731 final

Council report, Brussels 1995

European parliament Resolution, A4-0102/95;

Court of Justice Report, May 1995

Article 300 of the EC Treaty
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html accessed 29 December 2008

M, Van Schendelen, ‘The Council Decides: Does the Council Decide?” (1996) 34 JCMS 531

R, Pedler and G, Schaefer “EC Committees: Influence Counts More than Legal Powers” in (eds), Shaping European Law and Policy: The Role of Committees and Comitology in the Political Process (European Institute of Public Administration, 1996)

S, Bulmer’s article “New Institutionalism. The Single Market and EU Governance” Paper delivered at the 5th Biennal European Community Studies Association Conference, Seattle, 199

S, Bulmer and K, Armstrong, “ The Governance of the Single European Market (Manchester University Press, 1998)

Carvel v Council [1995] ECR II 2765

Netherlands v Council [1996] ECR I -2169

Interporc v Commission [1998] T – 83/96

Van der Wal v Commission [1998] T-174/95

Svenska Journalistforbundet v Council [1998].

M, den Boer “Justice and Home Affairs” in the Treaty on European union: More Complexity Despite Communautairaisation (1997) 4 Masstricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 300

W, van Eekelen, “The Common Foreign and Security Policy” in Reforming the Treaty on European Union 19,323,326

D, Curtin, “Betwixt and Between: Democracy and Transparency in the Governance of the EU” in reforming the Treaty on European Union: The Legal Debate (Kluwer Law International 1996) pages 19 and 21.

F, Hayes-Renshaw and H, Wallace, “The Council of Ministers (Macmillan, 1997

C, Craig and D, De burca, “EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials” (4edn, Oxford University Press, 2008)

T, Christiansen. “Intra-institutional Politics and Inter-Institutional Relations in the EU: Towards Coherent Governance?” (2001) 8 JEPP 747:

EU Constitutional Treaty 2004

D, Chalmers, & A, Tomkins, “European Union Public law”,(2007, Cambridge University Press) Page 2

J, Habermas and J, Derrida, ‘February 15, or, What binds European Together: Pleas for a Common Foreign Policy Beginning in Core Europe’ in D, Levy et al, “Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Revelations after the Iraq War (London, Verso, 2005)5, 10-12

D, Levy et al, “Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Revelations after the Iraq War (London, Verso, 2005)

M, Malmborg and B, Straith, ‘Introduction: The National Meanings of European in M. Malmbord and B, Straith (eds), The Meaning of Europe (Oxford, Berg 2002) 1,9,20

M. Malmbord and B, Straith (eds), The Meaning of Europe (Oxford, Berg 2002)

Meinander in his article ‘On the Brink or Between? The Conception of Europe in Finnish Identity’ in M, Malmborg and B, Strath (eds) The Meaning of Europe (Oxford, Berg 2002)

Single European Act

J, Weiler, “The Transformation of Europe” (1991) 100 Yale Law Journal 2403, 2476-7

J,Zielonka, ‘How New Enlarged Borders will Reshape the European Union’ (2001) 39 Journal of Common Market Studies 507, 513-15

The European Communities Act 1972

McCarthys Ltd v Smith [1979] ICR 785

McCarthys Ltd v Smith [1979] Case 129/79

McCarthys Ltd v Smith [1981] QB 180

Garland v BREL [1983] 2 AC 751
Garland v BREL Case 12/81

Duke v GEC reliance [1988] AC 618

Pickstone v Freeman plc [1988] AC 66

Von Colson 14/83

N, Foster, ‘The Effect of the European Communities Act 1972 s.2(4) (1988) 51 MLR 775

Lister v Forth Dry Dock & Engineering Co. Ltd [1990] 1 AC 546

Directive 187/77

CR Smith v Glaziers (Dunfermline) Limited v Commissioners of Customs and Excise

Sixth VAT directive (77/338).

Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] 1 CMLR 50

T, Allen, “The limits of Parliamentary Sovereignty’ (1986) Public Law 614

H, Wade, “Sovereignty and the European Communities” (1972) 88 LQR 1

H, Wade, “What has Happened to the Sovereignty of Parliament?” (1991) 107 LQR 1

P, Craig, “Sovereignty of the United Kingdom Parliament and Factortame (1991) 9 YEL 221

Minster for Economic Affairs v S.A. Fromagie ‘Le Ski’ [1972] CMLR 330

A, Dashwood, “The Relationship between the Member States and the European Union/European Community (2004) 41 CML Rev 355 – 381

French Consitution

German Constitution (Grundegestz)

Belgian Constitution

Internationale Handelsgesellschaft [1974] 2 CMLR 540

Wunsche Handelsgesellschaft [1987] 3 CMLR 225

Brunner [1994] 1 CMLR 57

N, Foster, The German Constitution and EC Membership” Public Law (Autumn 1994) 392

Federal Tax case 9/1/1996, 7 EuZW 126 (1996)

F, Hoffmeister, “German Bundesverfassungsgericht: Alcan Decision of 17 February, 2000; Constitutional review of EC Regulation on bananas, Decsion of 7 June 2000” (2001) 38 CML Rev 791

Brasserie du Pecheur v Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesgerichtshof) (C46/93) the result of breaches of the community rules, resulting in state liability was recognised.

Italian Constitution

Costa v Enel (6/64)

Simmenthal (92/78)

Granital SpA v Adminstrazione delle Finanze (1984) 21 CML Rev 756-72

Fragd SpA v Ammistrazione delle Finanze (1990) 27 CML Rev 93-5

G, Gaja, “New Developments in a Continuing Story; The Relationship between EC Law and Italian Law’ (1990) 27 CML Rev 83

Café Vabre [1975] 2 CMLR 336

Garage Dehus Sarl v Bouche Distribution [1984] 3 CMLR 452.

Minister of the Interior v Cohn-Bendit [1980] 1 CMLR 543

S, Milins, “The Treaty of Amsterdam and the Constitutional Revision in France” (1999) 5 EPL 61

Nicolo [1990] 1 CMLR 173

Boisdet [1991] 1 CMLR 3

Rothmans [1993] CML 253

Dangeville [1993] PL 535

Francovich C-6 case

P, Manin, “The Nicolo Case of the Conseil d’Etat: French Constiutional Law and the Supreme Administrative Court’s Acceptance of the Primacy of Community Law over Subsequent National Statute Law’ (1991) 28 CML Rev 499.

Articles
R, Panikkar, “Is the notion of human rights a western concept?” (1982) 120 Diogenes 75-102
C,Cerna, ‘Universality of human rights and cultural diversity: Implementation of human rights in different socio-cultural contexts’ (1994) 16 Human Rights Quarterly 740
P, Adamantia Pollis, ‘Cultural relativism revisited: Through a state prism’ (1996) 18 Human Rights Quarterly 316-44.
M, Herskovits, ‘Statement on human rights’, (1947) 49 American Anthropologist 539-543.
K, Engle, ‘From scepticism to embrace: Human rights and the American Anthropological Association from 1947-1999’ (2001) 23 Human Rights Quarterly 536-59, at 5
S, Marks. ‘From the “Single Confused Page” to the “Decalogue for Six Billion Persons”: The roots of the Universal Declaration of Human “Decalogue for Six Billion Persons”: The roots of the Universal Declaration of Human
E. Washburn, ‘Cultural relativism, human fights, and the AAA’, (1987) 89 American Anthropologist 939-43, at 939,
V, Schmidt, “The New World Order Inc: The Rise of Business and the Decline of the Nation-State (1995) 124 Daedelus 75 – 76
Alison Renteln, ‘Relativism and the search for I human rights’ (1988) 90 American Anthropologist 56-72.
E. Eriksen, et alThe Chartering of Europe (Arena Report No. 8/2001), rtp:llec.europa.eu/justice_home/doc_centre/rights/charter/docs/network_commentary_final%20_180706.pdf;
K, Feus (ed.), “An EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: Text and Commentaries (Federal Trust, 2000); EU “Network of Independent Experts on Fundamental Rights, Commentary on the Charter” (June, 2006) although not forgetting the countries who don’t. · Amnesty International, ‘Human Rights Dissolving at the Borders? Counter-Terrorism and EU Criminal Law’ (Amnesty, May, 2005);
C, Teitgen-Colly, ‘The European Union and Asylum: An Illusion of Protection’ (2006) 43 CMLRev. 1503.
Ansocean Marine Paint v. Commission [1974] ECR 1063
L. Besselink, ‘Entrapped by the Maximum Standard: on Fundamental Rights, Pluralism and Subsidiarity in the European Union’ (l998) 35 CMLRev. 629
J. Weiler, ‘Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Boundaries’, in The Constitution of Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1999), ch. 3.
J, Weiler and N, Lockhart, “Taking Rights Seriously” Seriously: The European Court and its Fundamental Rights Jurisprudence’ (1995) 32 CMLRev. 51,
Costello, ‘The Bosphorus Ruling of the ECtHR: Fundamental Rights and Blurred Boundaries in Europe’ (2006) 6 HRLR 87
Omega Spielhallen- und Automatenaufstellungs-GmbH v. Oberbiirgermeisterin der Bundesstadt Bonn [2004] ECR 1-9609
J, Weiler,”’Does the EU Truly Need a Charter of Rights?’ (2000) 6 ELJ95
K,Kuhnert, ‘Bosphorus-Double Standards in European Human Rights Protection?’ (2006) 2 Utrecht Law Review 177,
N. Neuwahl and A. Rosas (eds.), The EU and Human Rights (Kluwer, 1995)
De Witte, ‘The legal Status of the Charter: Vital Question or Non-Issue?’ (2001) 8 MJ 81;
A. Clapham, ‘Where is the EU’s Human Rights Common Foreign Policy?
C. MCCrudden, ‘The Future of The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights’,
J. Dutheil de la Rochere, ‘Droits del’homme: : La Charte des droits fondamentaux et au dela’,
G. De Burca, ‘Human Rights: The Charter and Beyond’, Jean Monnet Working Paper 10101, www.jeanmonnetprogram.orglpapers.
L. Betten ‘The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: A Trojan Horse or a Mouse?’ [2001] ICLR 151.
H. Toner, ‘Impact Assessment and Fundamental Rights Protection in EU Law’ (2006) 31 ELRev. 316.
J,Liisberg, ‘Does the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights Threaten the Supremacy of Community Law?’ (200l) 38 CMLRev.1l7l.
J.H.H. Weiler, ‘The European Court at a Crossroads: Community Human Rights and Member State Action’, in F. Capotorti et al. (eds.), Du Droit International au Droit de !’Integration (Nomos, 1987),839-841.
E, Hatch, Culture and Morality: The Relativity of Values in Anthropology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 37-9,
A,Pollis, ‘Cultural relativism revisited: Through a state prism’ (l996) 18 Human Rights Quarterly 316-44
Chris Brown, “Cultural diversity and international political theory: From the requirement to “mutual respect”?” (2000) 26 Review of International Studies page 200
C, Nowlin, ‘The protection of morals under the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms’ (2002) 24 Human Rights Quarterly 264-86.
M, Freeman, ‘Human rights and real cultures: Towards a dialogue on ‘’Asian values’” (1998) 16 Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 25-39
T, Higgins, ‘Anti-essentialism, relativism and human rights’ (l996) 19 Harvard Women’s Law Journal 89
E, Hatch, ‘The Good Side of Relativism’ (1997) 53 Journal of Anthropological Research 371-81
E, Brems, “The margin of appreciation in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights’ (1996) Zeitschrift fur ausliindisches offentliches Recht und VOlkerrecht page 309
BBC NEWS | UK | Demands for MI5 ‘torture’ inquiry
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7930888.stm
D, Bell and J, Carens, ‘The ethical dilemmas of international human rights and humanitarian NGOs: Reflections on a dialogue between practioners and theorists’ (2004) 26 Human Rights Quarterly 300-29, at 307.
M, Freeman, ‘The problem of secularism in human rights theory’ (2004) 26 Human Rights Quarterly 375-400
The Observer, and The Guardian v United Kingdom; The Sunday Times v United Kingdom (The Spycatcher Case) (1991) 14 EHRR 229,
U,Baxi,. ‘Voices of suffering and the future of human rights’ (1998) 8 Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 125-70
S, Moller et al, “Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999) in M, Dembour op cit page 163
J, Fortin, “Children’s Rights and the Developing Law (Second edition, London Butterworths, 2003) pages 550 to 566

M,Dembour, ‘Diversity or commonality: The power to toss the human rights coin’, (2005) Mediterranean Journal of Human Rights 65-91.
S, Freedman. ‘European Community Discrimination Law: A Critique’ (1992) lU 119-134
K,Lenaerts, and E, De Smijter, ‘A Bill of Rights for the EU’ (200!) 38 CMLRev.273
L, Besselink, ‘Entrapped by the Maximum Standard: On Fundamental Rights, Pluralism and Subsidiarity in the European Union’ (l998) 35 CMLRev.629
J,Coppell, and A,O’Neill, ‘The European Court of Justice: Taking Rights Seriously?’ (1992) 12 Legal Studies 227
E. Fierro, ‘Legal Basis and Scope of the Human Rights Clause in EC Bilateral Agreements’ [2001] ELI 41
S, Douglas Scott, ‘The Charter of Fundamental Rights as a Constitutional Document’ [2004] EHRLR37
B. De Witte and G. Toggenburg, ‘Human Rights and Membership of the European Union’, in S. Peers and

Books
M, Dembour, “Who believes in Human Rights?: Reflection on the European Convention” (Cambridge University Press) Page 155
J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986),
J,Donnelly, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice (Ist edn, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989), 107-60; (2nd edn, 2003), 71-119;
H, Steiner and P,Alston, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), at 372-4.
H,Barnett, “Constitutional & Administrative Law” (Seventh Edition, Routledge Cavendish) page 466
A, Kuper, Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School (3rd edn, London: Routledge, 1996).
N,Blake, and R, Huzain, “Immigration, Asylum and Human Rights” (Oxford University Press, 2003) page 349
Harris, O’Boyle and Warwick, Law of the European Convention on Human Rights (Butterworths, 1995) page 159.
G, Clayton, “Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law” (Oxford University Press, 2008) page 94
L, Vedsted-Hansen in F. Nicholson and P. Twomey (eds), Refugee Rights and Realities: Evolving International Concepts and Regimes (Cambridge University Press, 1999) page275.
R, Dworkin, “Taking Rights Seriously” (Duckworth, 1977) page vii sources.
H, Barnett, ‘On science and human rights’ (l948) 50 American Anthropologist 352-5.
P. Alston, et al, “The EU and Human Rights” (Oxford University Press, 1999) chapter 1,
P, Craig and G, Deburca, “EU Law: Text, Case and Materials” (4th Edition, Oxford University Press) page 379
J,Cowan et al Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001);
A, Kuper, Culture: The Anthropologists’ Account (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard :University Press, 1999)
A,Williams, The Irony of Human Rights in The European Union (Oxford University Press, 2004)
P, Van Djik, G, Van Hoof, “Theory and Practice of the European Convention in Human Rights (Second Edition, Deventer, 1990) page 604
R,Fox et al , Anthropology Beyond Culture (Oxford: Berg,2002)
Van Dijk and G. Van Boof, Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights (3rd edn., Kluwer, 1998),21.
J, Donelly, “Universal Human Rights” (1st Edition) pages 119- 120M,
R, Clayton and H, Tomlinson, “The Law of Human Rights” (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), page 274,
M, Greenberg, “How facts make law” in S, Hershovitz, “Exploring Law’s Empire: The Jurisprudence of Ronald Dworkin” (Oxford University Press) page 225
A. Ward (eds.), The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (Hart, 2004), 59.
A,Williams, EU Human Rights Policies: a Study in Irony (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004) 139.
D, Chalmers and A, Tomkins, “European Union Public Law” (Cambridge University Press) page 232
P,Craig and G, Deburca, “The Evolution of EU Law” (Oxford University Press) Page 520

Cases
Handyside v United Kingdom [1976] 1 EHRR 737
Natson and Belmann [1976] ECR 1185, 1207
Ministere Public y. Mutsch [1985] ECR 2681,
D v Council [2001] ECR I-4319
Hauer v. Land Rheinland-Pfalz [1979] ECR 3727
International Handelsgesellschaft v. Einfuhr- und Vorratstelle fur Getreide und Futtermittel [1970] ECR 1125.
Schmidberger v Austria [2003] ECR 1-5659
T v United Kingdom [1999] ECHR 30 EHRR 121
X v Germany 1 DR 65.
C, Geertz,. ‘Anti anti -relativism’ (1984) 86 American Anthropologist 263-78
Tyrer v United Kingdom 25 April 1978, Series A, No. 26, (1979-1980) 2 EHRR
Johnston and Others v Ireland [1986]
A v Secretary of State for the Home Department; X v Same [2005] 2 AC 68,
Sunday Times v United Kingdom (The Sunday Times case) (1979) 2 EHRR 245,
Golder v United Kingdom [l975] ECHR, Series A, Vol 8
Silver and others v United Kingdom (1983) (1983) 5 EHRR 347
Otto-Preminger Institut v Austria (1995) 19 EHRR 34; (l994) ECHR

Legislation
EC Treaty,
European Convention on Human Rights

P, Craig and G, De burca, “EU Law Text , Cases and Materials” (Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press 2008)

EC Treaty

Directive 2006/54,

Enderby v Frenchay Health Authority

Danfoss1,

(Wiener Gebietskrankenkasse2).

(Enderby v Frenchay3).

(see Royal Copenhagen4).

Nimz v Freie und Hansestadt5.

Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange6,

Directive 2006/54,

(Dekker v VJV Centrum7);

Directive 79/7

Commission v Italy8,

Brachfeld9,

Bresciani10,

Humblot11,

Commission v French at para 40).

Chemial Farmaceutici v DAF12,

(Commission v Greece13).

The Cambridge University online dictionary http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=5041&dict=CALD accessed 11 January 2008

Simmenthal (106/77), Costa v ENEL (6/64) and Van Gend (26/62).

P, Craig and G, De Burca, “The Evolution of EU Law” (2003, Oxford University Press)

B, Witte, “Direct Effect, Supremacy and the Nature of Legal Order” in P, Craig and G, De Burca, “The Evolution of EU Law” (2003, Oxford University Press)

E, Cross, “Pre-emption of Member State Law in the European Economic Community: A Framework for Analysis (1992) 29 CML Rev 447

H.W.R Wade, “Sovereignty-Revolution or Evolution (1996) 112 Law Quarterly Review 568

Confirmation from the ECJ in relation to this came in Nimz v City of Hamburg Case C-184/89

S, Weatherill, “Law and Integration in the European Union (OUP, 1995) 106

W, Van Gerven, “Bridging the Gap Between Community and National Laws: Towards a Principle of Homgeneity in the Field of Legal Remedies? (1995) 32 CML Rev 679, 686-95

J, Weiler, “The Transformation of Europe”, (1991) 100 Yale Law Journal 2403, 2414

Report of the Court of Justice on Certain Aspects of the Application of the Treaty on European Union May 1995:

P, Craig, G, De Burca, “EU Law Text and materials” (Oxford University Press, 2008) page 379 http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/human_rights/intro/index.htm#7 accessed 11 January 2009

P, Alston, J Heenan and M, Bustelo (eds), “The EU and Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 1999) and

A, von Bogdandy, “The European Union as a Human Rights Organisation: Human Rights and the Core of the European Union” (200) 37 CMLRev 1307

S, Besson, “The EU and Human Rights: Towards a Post National Human Rights Institution” [2006] HRLRev

A, Williams, “The Irony of Human Rights in the European Union (Oxford University Press, 2004)

K, Roth, “Filling the Leadership: Where is the European Union? (Human Rights Watch World Report 2007).

C, Teitgen-Colly, “The European Union and Asylum: An illusion of Protection” (2006) 43 CLMRev 1503.

Rutili v Minister for the Interior [1975] Case 36/75

Watson and Belmann [1976] Case 118/75

Parliament, Council and Commision [1977] OJ C103/1

J, Weiler, “The European Court at a Crossroads: Community Human Rights and Member State Action” in F, Capotori et al, “Du Droit International au Droit de I’ Integration (Nomos, 1987) 839 – 841.

F, Capotori et al, “Du Droit International au Droit de I’ Integration (Nomos, 1987) 839 – 841.

X v Commission Cases T-121/89,

A v Commision [1994] ECR II-179,

H S v Council [1992] ECR II-1869

K v Commision [1989] ECR 2841

Open Door Counselling Ltd and Dublin Well Woman Centre v Ireland (1992) 15 EHRR 244

Grogan Case C -159/90

ERT Case C – 260/89

Lentia v Austria (1994 )17 EHRR 93

Hoechst [1989] ECR 2859

Niemetz Series A No 251 (1992) 16 EHRR 97

Orkem Case 374/87

Funke v France Series A No. 256A (1993) 16 EHRR 297

European Court of Justice cases
Case 6/64 Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585.
Case C-540/03 European Parliament v Council [2006] ECR I-5769.
Case 44/79 Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz [1979] ECR 3727.
Case 4/73 Nold v Commission [1974] ECR 491.
Case C-131/03 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings v Commission [2006] ECR I-7795.
Case 1/58 Stork v High Authority [1959] ECR 17 Para 26.
Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos [1963] ECR 13.
Netherlands v Parliament and Council [2001] ECR 1-7079.

Rechnungshof v Osterreichisches Rundfunk [2003] ECR 1-4919.

Commission v Germany [l989] ECR 1263.

Prais v Council [1976] ECR 1589, ERT v DEP [1991] ECR 1-2925,

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Fletcher v Fletcher (1844) 4 Hare 67

Foss v Harbottle (1843) 2 Hare 461

Learoyd v Whiteley (1886) 33 Ch D 347

McPhail v Doulton [1971] AC 424

Phipps v. Boardman [1967] 2 AC 46

Pullan v Koe [1913] 1 Ch 9

Re Hallett’s Estate (1879) 13 Ch D 696

Re Hasting’s Bass[1975] Ch 25

Re Johnson (1880) 15 Ch D 548

Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) 6 E&B 327

Target Holdings v Redferns 1996] 1 AC 421

Woodfall, Landlord and Tenants, Release 36 (1994), vol. 1, pp. 13/83, para. 13.131:

Holland v Hodgson (1872) LR 7 CP 328 at p 335 (Excehquer Chamber)

R, Smith, “Property Law” (Longman, 2006) pages 81 -84)

Saskia Arthur “Fighting Over Fixtures and Fittings” http://www.coutts.com/woman/2009/may/money-matters/Fighting-over-fixtures-and-fittings.asp

Leigh v Taylor [1902] AC 157

Berkley v Poulett [1977] 1 EGLR 86

Elitestone Ltd v Morris [1997] 1 WLR 687.

Reid v. Smith [1905] 3 C.L.R. 656, 659

Botham v TSB Bank plc (1996) 73 P & C

Spyer v Phillipson [1931] 2 Ch 183,

Thomas v Sorrell (1673) Vaught 330,

Wood v Leadbitter (1845) 13 M & W 838

Hardwick v Johnson [1978] 1 WLR 683.

Geoffrey Samuel in his book “Law of Obligations and Legal remedies” (Second Edition, Cavendish Press) page 153

Kelsen v Imperial Tobacco Company Ltd [1957] 3 QB 334

Bernstein v Skyviews & General Ltd [1978] QB 479

T, Weir, “A Casebook on Tort” (Thomson, Sweet and Maxwell, 10th Edition) page 361

Anchor Brewhouse Development v Berkley House (Dockland Developments [1987] 2 EGLR Ch
Halsbury’s Law ,
Westlaw
Bailii.org
Lawtel
Hill v Tupper (1863) 2 H&C 121 (159 ER 51)
Sparkes (1993) 109 Law Quarterly Review 93
J, Steele, “Tort Law: Text, Cases and Materials” (Oxford University Press, 2007) and
T, Weir, “A Casebook on Tort” (Thomson, Sweet and Maxwell, 10th Edition 2004)
Robson v Hallett [1967] 2 QB 939
Hurst v Picture Theatres Ltd [1915] 1 KB 1
Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571
Chandler v Kerley [1978] 1 WLR 693
Opsi.gov.uk
Westlaw
Lawtel
Bailii.org
R, Smith, “Property Law” Longman 2006 page 277 – 278.
Coke, “Commentaries on the Laws of England” Vol ii Chapter 12
Wright v Gibbons (1949) 78 CLR 313
Doe d Aslin v Summersett (1830) 1 B&Ad 135 (109 ER 738),
Goodman v Gallant [1986] Fam 106, Wiscot’s Case [1599] 2 Co Rep 60b (76 ER 555)
Megarry and Wade, “The Law of Real Property (6th Edition)
Jacobs v Seward [1872] LR 5 HL 464.
Smith v Baker [1970] 1 WLR 1160
Re Cummins [1972] Ch 62
Burgess v Rawnsley [1975] Ch 429
Chandler v Clark [2003] 1 P&CR 239
Gissing v Gissing [1971] AC 886
Oxley v Hiscock [2005] Fam 211. R, Smith page 289.
Westdeutche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington London Borough Council [1996] AC 669
Midland Bank v Cooke [1995] 4 All ER 562
R, Pearce and J, Stevens, “The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations” (Oxford University Press, 2006) page 234 -235 Resulting Trusts
The Venture [1908] 218
Abrahams v Trustee in Bankruptcy of Abrahams [1999] BPIR 637
Pettitt v Pettitt [1970] AC 777
Tinsley v Milligan [1994] 1 AC 340
Cowcher v Cowcher [1972] 1 WLR 425.
Curley v Parkes [2004]

 Judge Mahon & Ors -v- Lawlor & Ors [2008] IEHC 284 (30 July 2008) (View without highlighting) [100%]
([2008] IEHC 284; From High Court of Ireland Decisions; 45 KB)
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([2008] NIQB 92; From High Court of Justice in Northern Ireland Queen’s Bench Division Decisions; 31 KB)
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([2008] ScotCS CSOH_150; From Scottish Court of Session Decisions; 724 KB)
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([1995] UKSSCSC CIS_391_1992; From UK Social Security and Child Support Commissioners’ Decisions; 225 KB)
 Hammersmith & Fulham LBC v Monk [1991] UKHL 6 (05 December 1991) (View without highlighting) [88%]
([1990] 3 WLR 1144, [1991] UKHL 6, [1992] 1 AC 478, [1992] 1 All ER 1; From United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions; 65 KB)
 Bathurst v Scarborow [2004] EWCA Civ 411 (01 April 2004) (View without highlighting) [83%]
([2004] EWCA Civ 411; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 63 KB)
 Burton v. Mayor etc of The London Borough of Camden [2000] UKHL 8; [2000] 2 AC 399; [2000] 1 All ER 943; [2000] 2 WLR 427 (17th February, 2000) (View without highlighting) [80%]
((2000) 32 HLR 625, (2000) 79 P & CR D38, [2000] 1 All ER 943, [2000] 1 EGLR 49, [2000] 1 FCR 481, [2000] 14 EG 149, [2000] 2 AC 399, [2000] 2 WLR 427, [2000] BLGR 289, [2000] EG 23, [2000] L & TR 235, [2000] NPC 16, [2000] UKHL 8; From United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions; 36 KB)
 Goodman v Gallant [1985] EWCA Civ 15 (30 October 1985) (View without highlighting) [75%]
([1985] EWCA Civ 15, [1986] 1 FLR 513, [1986] 2 WLR 236, [1986] Fam 106; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 41 KB)
 Marshall v Marshall [1998] EWCA Civ 1467 (02 October 1998) (View without highlighting) [72%]
([1998] EWCA Civ 1467; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 25 KB)
 Murphy (a child) v Holland & Ors [2003] EWCA Civ 1862 (19 December 2003) (View without highlighting) [62%]
([2003] EWCA Civ 1862; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 52 KB)
 Brangam, Re Judicial Review [2008] NIQB 11 (1 February 2008) (View without highlighting) [53%]
([2008] NIQB 11; From High Court of Justice in Northern Ireland Queen’s Bench Division Decisions; 22 KB)
 Carr-Glynn v Frearsons (A Firm) [1998] EWCA Civ 1325 (29 July 1998) (View without highlighting) [52%]
([1998] 4 All ER 225, [1998] EWCA Civ 1325; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 44 KB)
 Official Receiver for NI v. Kearney [1999] NICh 2; [1999] NIJB 24 (13th January, 1999) (View without highlighting) [46%]
([1999] NICh 2, [1999] NIJB 24; From High Court of Justice in Northern Ireland Chancery Division Decisions; 19 KB)
 Brown v Brown & Anor [2007] EWHC 405 (Ch) (01 March 2007) (View without highlighting) [39%]
([2007] EWHC 405 (Ch), [2008] 2 WLR 283; From England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division) Decisions; 53 KB)
 Matthews v Hunter & Robertson Ltd [2008] ScotCS CSOH_88 (11 June 2008) (View without highlighting) [36%]
([2008] ScotCS CSOH_88; From Scottish Court of Session Decisions; 107 KB)
 White v White [2001] EWCA Civ 955 (21 June 2001) (View without highlighting) [34%]
([2001] EWCA Civ 955; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 41 KB)
 Stack v. Dowden (Respondent) [2007] UKHL 17 (25 April 2007) (View without highlighting) [34%]
((2006-07) 9 ITELR 815, [2007] 1 FLR 1858, [2007] 18 EG 153, [2007] 2 AC 432, [2007] 2 All ER 929, [2007] 2 FCR 280, [2007] 2 WLR 831, [2007] BPIR 913, [2007] Fam Law 593, [2007] UKHL 17, [2007] WTLR 1053; From United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions; 158 KB)
 Williams v Hensman [1861] EWHC Ch J51 (10 June 1861) (View without highlighting) [33%]
([1861] EWHC Ch J51; From England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division) Decisions; 30 KB)
 Dingmar v Dingmar Rev 1 [2006] EWCA Civ 942 (12 July 2006) (View without highlighting) [30%]
([2006] 3 WLR 1183, [2006] EWCA Civ 942, [2007] 2 All ER 382; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 89 KB)
 Wallbank & Anor v Price [2007] EWHC 3001 (Ch) (28 November 2007) (View without highlighting) [30%]
([2007] EWHC 3001 (Ch); From England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division) Decisions; 72 KB)
 Campbell v Diamond [2008] NICh 10 (06 May 2008) (View without highlighting) [30%]
([2008] NICh 10; From High Court of Justice in Northern Ireland Chancery Division Decisions; 7 KB)
 Demptford v. Simpson [2007] ScotSC 32 (02 July 2007) (View without highlighting) [27%]
([2007] ScotSC 32; From Scottish Sheriff Court Decisions; 57 KB)
 Pudner & Anor v Pudner [2006] EWCA Civ 250 (27 February 2006) (View without highlighting) [25%]
([2006] EWCA Civ 250; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 18 KB)
 Osoba v Osoba & Ors [1978] EWCA Civ 3 (31 October 1978) (View without highlighting) [21%]
([1978] EWCA Civ 3, [1979] 1 WLR 247, [1979] 2 All ER 393; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 40 KB)
 Williams & Anor v Malewska & Ors [1999] EWCA Civ 1954 (23 July 1999) (View without highlighting) [19%]
([1999] EWCA Civ 1954; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 24 KB)
 Wills v. Wills (Jamaica) [2003] UKPC 84 (01 December 2003) (View without highlighting) [19%]
([2003] UKPC 84, [2004] 1 P & CR 37; From Privy Council Decisions; 41 KB)
 Fairclough v Salmon [2006] EWCA Civ 320 (28 February 2006) (View without highlighting) [18%]
([2006] EWCA Civ 320; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 35 KB)
 Stack v Dowden [2005] EWCA Civ 857 (13 July 2005) (View without highlighting) [17%]
([2005] EWCA Civ 857; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 91 KB)
 Fitzhugh Gates (a firm) v Claudia Louise Elaine Borden Sherman [2003] EWCA Civ 886 (01 July 2003) (View without highlighting) [16%]
([2003] EWCA Civ 886; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 71 KB)
 Grimm v. Newman & Anor [2001] EWHC Ch 454 (1st November, 2001) (View without highlighting) [15%]
([2001] EWHC Ch 454; From England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division) Decisions; 115 KB)
 King, Re [1963] EWCA Civ 1 (04 February 1963) (View without highlighting) [14%]
([1963] 1 All ER 781, [1963] 2 WLR 629, [1963] Ch 459, [1963] EWCA Civ 1, [1963] RVR 245; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 70 KB)
 Clarke v Harlowe [2005] EWHC 3062 (Ch) (12 August 2005) (View without highlighting) [13%]
([2005] EWHC 3062 (Ch), [2005] WTLR 1473, [2006] BPIR 636, [2006] Fam Law 846, [2007] 1 FLR 1, [2007] 3 FCR 726; From England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division) Decisions; 31 KB)
 Clarke v Harlowe [2005] EWHC B20 (Ch) (12 August 2005) (View without highlighting) [13%]
([2005] EWHC B20 (Ch); From England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division) Decisions; 30 KB)
 Irwin v Deasy [2006] IEHC 25 (31 January 2006) (View without highlighting) [13%]
([2006] 2 ILRM 226, [2006] IEHC 25; From High Court of Ireland Decisions; 47 KB)
 P & Ors, Re (Northern Ireland) [2008] UKHL 38 (18 June 2008) (View without highlighting) [13%]
(24 BHRC 650, [2008] 2 FCR 366, [2008] 2 FLR 1084, [2008] 3 WLR 76, [2008] Fam Law 977, [2008] HRLR 37, [2008] NI 310, [2008] UKHL 38, [2008] UKHRR 1181, [2009] 1 AC 173; From United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions; 167 KB)
 PHILIP JOSEPH HINES v. MAUREEN DAPHNE WILLANS [1997] EWCA Civ 1135 (28th February, 1997) (View without highlighting) [12%]
([1997] EWCA Civ 1135; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 27 KB)
 Chandler v Clark [2002] EWCA Civ 1249 (28 June 2002) (View without highlighting) [12%]
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 Sheehy -v- Talbot [2008] IEHC 207 (03 July 2008) (View without highlighting) [12%]
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 Bernard v Joseph [1982] EWCA Civ 2 (30 March 1982) (View without highlighting) [11%]
([1982] 2 WLR 1052, [1982] Ch 391, [1982] EWCA Civ 2; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 57 KB)
 Crossley v Crossley [2005] EWCA Civ 1581 (21 December 2005) (View without highlighting) [11%]
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 Harris (t/a Fellows Sandwich Bar) & Anor (t/a Fellows Bistro) v Revenue & Customs [2007] UKVAT V20235 (03 July 2007) (View without highlighting) [11%]
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 Grimm v Newman Chantry Vellacott Dfk [2002] EWCA Civ 1621 (07 November 2002) (View without highlighting) [9%]
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 Lewis & Anor v Metropolitan Property Realizations Ltd [2008] EWHC 2760 (Ch) (21 November 2008) (View without highlighting) [9%]
([2008] 47 EG 113 (CS), [2008] EWHC 2760 (Ch), [2008] NPC 128, [2009] 1 FLR 631, [2009] 9 EG 198, [2009] BPIR 79, [2009] Fam Law 102; From England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division) Decisions; 32 KB)
 Uppal v Uppal & Anor [2007] EWCA Civ 411 (26 March 2007) (View without highlighting) [8%]
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 Chan Pui Chun v Leung Kam Ho & Anor [2002] EWCA Civ 1075 (29 July 2002) (View without highlighting) [7%]
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 Ashborder BV & Ors v Green Gas Power Ltd. & Ors [2004] EWHC 1517 (Ch) (29 June 2004) (View without highlighting) [7%]
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 Dunbar v Plant [1997] EWCA Civ 2167 (23rd July, 1997) (View without highlighting) [6%]
([1997] 3 FCR 669, [1997] 3 WLR 1261, [1997] 4 All ER 289, [1997] EWCA Civ 2167, [1998] 1 FLR 157, [1998] Ch 412, [1998] Fam Law 139; From England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions; 89 KB)
 Parochial Church Council Of Parish Of Darby Green & Anor v Waldner & Ors [1998] EWCA Civ 1299 (27 July 1998) (View without highlighting) [6%]
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 Walker v Geo H Medlicott & Son (A Firm) [1998] EWCA Civ 1806 (19 November 1998) (View without highlighting) [4%]
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 Corbett v Bond Pearce (A Firm) [2001] EWCA Civ 531 (11 April 2001) (View without highlighting) [4%]

http://www.desktoplawyer.co.uk/dt/browse/law/index.cfm?fuseaction=ViewContent&sid=75956&aid=34916

South Africa Act 1909

The North America Act 1867

Constitution Act 1867)

Canada Act 1982 Act

L ’Estrange v E Graucob Ltd [1934] KB 394

Reference re Amendment of the Constitution of Canada (1982) 125 DLR (3d)

British North America Act 1867

The Statute of Westminster 1931

Shore v Wilson (1842) 9 CI & Fin 355

Marquis Cholmondeley v Lord Clinton (I 820) 2 Jac & w

R, Goode, “ Commercial Law” (Third Edition, Penguin Books 2004)

Misrepresentation Act 1967

Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977

T, Downes, “Contract Law” (5th Edition, Blackstone Press Limited)

Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976] QB 752

Manuel v Attorney General [1983] Ch 77
A V Dicey “Introduction to the, Study of the Law of the Constitution”, (10th edn, 1959), London: Macmillan, Chapter 14)

H, Barnett, “Constitutional and Administrative Law” (Third Edition, Cavendish Publishing) page 31

T, Downes, “Contract Law” (5th Edition, Blackstone Press Limited) Page 91.

A, Atiyah, “An introduction to the law of contract” (Clarendon Press Oxford, Third edition) Page 265

Surrey County Council v Bredero Home’ Ltd (1993) 1 WLR 1361 (CA)

Attorney-General v Blake [2000] 3 WLR 625 (HL)

Thompson (W.L.) Ltd v Robinson (Gunmakers) Ltd [1955] Ch 177

Magna Carta 1215

The Petition of Right 1628

Darnel’s Case (the Five Knights case (1627) 3 St Tr 1

The Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689

Meeting of Parliament Act 1694

The Act of Settlement 1700

The Treaty of Union 1706

J,Poole. “ Casebook on Contract Law” (Fifth Edition Blackstone Press)

I, Jennings (Sir), Cabinet Government, 3rd edn, 1959, Cambridge: CUP, p 2.

G, Slapper and D, Kelly, “The English Legal System” (Cavendish Publishing Ltd, 4th Edition) page 29

Reiter and Swan, ‘Contracts and the protection of reasonable expectation” Studies in Contract Law (Toronto: Butterworths, 1980), 1-23)

Victorian Railway Commissioners v Coulthas [1888] 13 App Cas 222

Dulieu v White [1901] 2 KB 669

Chadwick v British Transport Commission [1967] 2 All E R.945

McLoughlin v O’Brian [1983] 1 AC 410, 429-430

Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1991] 4 All ER 907

McFarlane v EE Caledonia Ltd [1994] 2 All ER 1

Brice v Brown [1984] 1 All ER

Re The Herald of Free Enterprise [1989]

Nicholls v Rushton [1992] Times

Attia v British Gas [1988] QB 304 White v Chief Constable of the South Yorkshire

Police [1999] 2 AC 455

Hunter v British Coal Corp [1998].

Duncan v British Coal Corp [1999] ICR 72 CA

Caparo Plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605

T, Weir, “A casebook on Tort”(10th Edition, Sweet & Maxwell 2004)

E, McKendrick,‘Vicarious Liability and Independent Contractors-A Re-examination’ (1980) 53 MLR 770,

K. M,Stanton, ‘New Forms of the Tort of Breach of Statutory Duty’ (2004) 120 LQR 324

M, Jones, “Textbook on Torts” (7th Edition, Blackstone Press Limited) page 379

Y. B. Smith (1923) 23 Col. L Rev 444, 461;

G. Williams, Liability for Independent Contractors’ . (l956) eLJ 180, 196

H, Collins, ‘Ascription of legal responsibility of Economic Integration’ (I 990) 53 MLR 731-84.

G. Williams and B. Hepple, Foundations of the law of Tort (1976), 112-15.

Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd v Shatwell [1965] AC 656

M, Atiyah, Vicarious Liability (Butterworths, 1967), 15-27

Viasystems v Thermal Transfer [2006] 2 WLR 428

Bazley v Curry [1999] 2 : 534 at 55l,

Jacobi v Griffiths [1999] 2 SCR 570 at 593

S. Waddarns, Dimensions of Private law (CUP, 2003),192, .

Lister v Hesley Hall [2001] UKHL 22

M, Atiyah, “Accidents, Compensation and the Law, 6th ed (1999), p85,

G, Williams, “Vicarious Liability and the Master’s Indemnity” (1957) 20 MLR 220,

Fleming, “The Law of Torts”, 9th edition, p 41

J, Steele, “Tort Law: Text, Cases and Materials” (Oxford University Press, 2007) Page 564

G. Williams, ‘Vicarious Liability: Tort of the Master or Tort of the Servant?’ (1956) 72LQR522.

Dubai Aluminium v Salaam [2003] 2 AC 366

Majrowskj v Guy’s and St Thomas’s NHS Trust [2006] UKHL 34

J, Salmond, “Torts” (1st Edition, 1907) page 83
Lloyd v Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716

D Rose, “liability for an Employee’s Assaults” (1977) 40 MLR 420, 432-433.

I, Smith and G, Thomas, “Smith & Woods: Employment Law” (Oxford University Press) page 163

Sex Discrimination Act 1975

P, Wallington, “Butterworths Employment Law Handbook” (2009, 17th Edition)

J, Bowers et al, “Blackstones: Employment Law Practice 2009”, (Oxford University press) page 502

Jacobi v Griffiths [1999] 2 SCR 570

T, Weir, “A Casebook on Tort” (Tenth Edition, Sweet & Maxwell) Page 288

NSW v Lepore [2003] HCA 4.

N, McBride,‘Vicarious Liability in England and Australia’ (2003) 62 eLl 255.

J, Levinson, ‘Vicarious Liability for Intentional Torts’ [2005] ]PI 304.

Dubai Aluminium v Salaam [2003] 2 AC 366

Mattis v Pollock [2003] 1 WLR 2158

Bernard v AG Jamaica UKPC 47

Brown v Robinson [2004] UKPC

P,Gilliker ‘Rough Justice in an Unjust World’ (2002) 65 MLR 269.

R, Weekes, ‘Vicarious Liability for Violent Employees’ (2004) 63 eLl 53.

British Transport Commission v Gourley [1955] UKHL 4

Caparo Industries v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605

Consistent Group v Kalwak [2007] IRLR 560

Customs and Excise v Barclays Bank [2006] UKHL 28

General Engineering v Kingston [1988] 3 All ER 867

Harrison v Michelin Tyre [1985] 1 All ER 918

Honeywell v Larkin [1933] All ER 77

Livingstone v Raywards (1880) 5 App Cas 25

Lister v Hesley Hall [2001] UKHL 22

Market Investigations v Minister of Social Security [1969] 2 QB 173

Rose v Plenty [1975] 1 WLR 141

Salsbury v Woodland [1970] 1 QB 324

Smith v Stages [1989] AC 928

Wagon Mound (No 1) [1961] 1 AC 617

Wheat v Lacon [1966] 1 All ER 582

Birch v Treasury Solicitor [1951] Ch 298

Bromley v Tryon [1952] A.C. 265

Family Law Reform Act 1969

Cain v Moon [1896] 2 QB 283

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Comiskey v Bowring-Hanbury [1905] A.C. 84

Gartside v IRC [1968] AC 553 at 617

Knight v Knight (1840) 3 Beav

Mcphail v Doulton [1971] 1 AC 424

Morice v Bishop of Durham (1804) 9 Ves 399 at 405

Milroy v Lord (1862) 4 De GF & J 264

Palmer v Simmonds (1854) 2 Drew 221

Re Beaumont [1902] 1 Ch 889

Re Craven’s Estate [1937] CH

Re Adams & Kensington Vestry (1884) 27 ChD 394

Re Barlow’s Will Trusts [1979] 1 WLR 278 at 282C-F

Re Gestener’s Settlement [1953] Ch 672

Re Gulbenkian’s Settlement [1970] AC 508 at 523.

Re Hamilton [1895] 2 Ch. 360

Re Leaper [1916] 1 Ch 579

Saunier v Anderson (1987) 43 DLR (4th) 19

Sen v Headley [1991] CH 425

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T. Choithram International SA v Pagarani [2001] 1 WLR 1

Wills Act 1837

Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged harassment act 1997, harm principle, issues in contemporary legal philosophy, oxford handbook of criminology, oxford university press, protection from harassment act

Criminal Justice

Posted on January 6, 2012 by Services

Sources

HM Government, “Reducing Re-Offending Through Skill and Employment” CM 6702 www.dcsf.gov.uk/offenderlearning/uploads/…/green_paper_reducing_re-offending_through_skills_%20and_employment_final_version … Accessed 23 March 2009 page 10.
Youth Justice Board 2005 www.yjb.gov.uk/Publications/Resources/Downloads/Risk%20Factors%20Summary%20fv.pdf – Accessed 23 March 2009
Sachs Performance Data, Youth Justice Board (Internal Publication), 2005
C, Holmes, “New Homelessness Act Offers Opportunity to change young lives” Youth Justice Board News April 2003
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Youth Justice Board “Restorative Justice in Schools extended”, Youth Justice Board News April 2003 www.yjb.gov.uk/Publications/Resources/Downloads/YJBNewsIssue17.pdf accessed 23 March 2009
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Youth Justice Board “Reversing the trend and breaking the links“ Youth Justice Board News April 2003 www.yjb.gov.uk/Publications/Resources/Downloads/YJBNewsIssue17.pdf Accessed 23 March 2009
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Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged criminal justice act, load statistics, psychiatric morbidity, youth crime prevention, youth justice board

Contract Law

Posted on January 6, 2012 by Services

Sources

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Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged casebook on contract law, central london property, parol evidence rule

Company Law Sources

Posted on January 6, 2012 by Services

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Heinhuis v Blacksheep Charters Ltd (1987) 46 DLR (4th) 67

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Hopkins v T L Dallas Group Ltd 2004 EWHC 1379.

Kelner v Baxter (1886) LR 2 CP 174

Natal Land and Colonization Co Ltd v Pauline Colliery and Development Syndicate Ltd [1904] AC 120

Phonogram Ltd v Lane [1982] QB 938

Scottish Insurance Corporation Ltd v Wilsons & Clyde Coal Co Ltd [1949] 1 All ER 1068

Re Chatterley – Whitfield Colleries Ltd [1948] 2 All ER 593

Re Patent
Ivory Manufacturing Co (1888) 38 ChD

Re Northumberland Avenue Hotel Co (1886) 33 CHD 16
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Re Empress Engineerings Co (1880) 16 ChD 125

Re Saltdean Estate Co Ltd [1968] 1 WLR 1844

Re Northern Engineering Industries plc [1994] 2 BCLC 704

Rolled Steel Products (Holdings) Ltd v British Steel Corporation [1986] CH 246

Prudential Assurance Co Ltd v Chatterley –Whitfield Colleries Ltd [1949] AC 512

Webb v Earle (1875) LR 20 Eq 556)

The Companies Act 2006:

Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged director duties, directors duties, directors liability, independent judgment, management errors

Commercial Law Sources

Posted on January 6, 2012 by Services

Articles
Tang Hang Wu, ‘Confidence and the Constructive Trust’ (2003) 23 LS 135I
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J J White and R S Summers, Uniform Commercial Code (2000) p 318.
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W C H Ervine, “The Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002” 2003 SLT (News) 67 at 69.
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R,Lewis, (1982) Contracts between businessmen: reform of the law of firm offers and an empirical study of tendering practices in the building industry. British Journal of Law and Society, 9, 153-175
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Books

Brearley and Bloch Employment Covenants and Confidential Information: Law, Practice and Technique (2nd edn. 1999).
R, Pearce and J, Stevens, “The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations” (Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2006) pages 32 -33
R, Stone, “Principles of Contract Law” (Cavendish Publishing, 2000, Fourth Edition) page 313
I, Smith & G, Thomas, “Smith & Woods Employment Law” (Oxford University Press, Ninth Edition, 2008) page 532 Harvey DI {2371}.
L, Bently and B, Sherman, “Intellectual Property Law” (Oxford University Press, Third Edition, 2009) page 1034
Chitty on Contracts (29th ed 2004) para 26-047.

Cases

Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] 1 All ER 556
Wilson v Northampton and Banbury Junction Rly Co (1874) 9 Ch App 279
Cooperative Insurance v Argyll [1997] 3 All ER 297.
Wilson v Northampton and Banbury Junction Rly Co (1874) 9 Ch App 279
Falcke v Gray (1859) 4 Drew 651
Earne v Lisle (l749) Amb 75
Thorn v Public Works (1 863) 32 Beav 490
Behnke v Bede Shipping Co Ltd [1927J 1 KB 649
Phillips v Lamdin [1949J 2 KB 33
J & H Ritchie ltd v Lloyd ltd” 2007 JR 241 at 246.
Addis v Gramophone Co. Ltd [1909] AC 488
Smith and Grady v United Kingdom [2000] Application No 33985/96
Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Co [1894] AC 535
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Harper’s Garage (Stourport) Ltd [1968] AC 269
Faccenda Chicken ltd v Fowler [1986] ICR 297.
Home Counties Dairies Ltd v Skilton [1970] 1 All ER 1227,
Marion White Ltd v Francis [1972] 3 All ER 857,
Littlewoods Orgnisation Ltd v Harris [1978] 1 All ER 1026.
Johnson & Bloy (Holdings) Ltd v Wolstenholme Rink plc [1987] IRLR 499
Warren v Mendy [1989] IRLR 210
Nothern Electrical Co. V. Percy & G. A. Harvey & Co. (London) [1957] RPC 207, 213-14. L,

Robb v Green [1895] 2 QB 315, 320
Thomas Marshall v Guinle [1979] 1 Ch 227.
Littlewoods Organisation v. Harris [1978J 1 All ER 1026
Herbert Morris v. Saxelby [1916] AC 688
Attwood v. Lamont [1920] 3 KB 571,
Dier’s Case (1414) 2 Hen. V 5, pI. 26,
Mitchel v. Reynolds (l7l1) 1 P. Wms. 181 wI1 I
Attorney-General v. Blake [2000] 3 WLR 625, 72
Commercial Plastics v Vincent [1964] 3 All ER 546
Douglas v Hello! [2001] 2 WLR 992.
Fellowes v Fisher [1976] QB 122
Lansing v Kerr [1991] 1 All ER 418
Ocular Sciences [1997] RPC 289, 410
Peter Pan v. Corsets Silhouette [1963] 3 All ER 402.
Littlewoods Organisation Ltd v Harris [1978]1 All ER 1026 at 1033, CA
Douglas v Hello (No.8) [2004] EMLR (2) 13 (para. 17)
Games Workshop [1993] FSR 704,713-14
Dormeuil Freres v Peraglow [1990] RPC 449
General Tire v. Firestone [1976] RPC 197, 213
Vine v. TalkSport Ltd [2003] FSR (35) 619 (para. 106) (CA)
Ludlow v. Williams [2002] FSR 868, 8891
Gerber Garment Technology v. Leetra Systems [1997} RPC 443,486
Robinson v Harman (1848) 154 ER 363
Jarvis v Swan Tours ltd [1973] 1 QB 233
Bliss v SE Thames Regional Health Authority [1987] ICR 700
Hayes v James and Charles Dodd [1990] 2 All ER 815
Polkey v A.E. Dayton Services Ltd [1988] ICR 142
Surrey County Council v Bredero Homes [1993] 3 All ER 705
Murphy v Stone Wallwork (Charlton) Ltd [1969] 2 All ER 949 at 952, [1969] 1 WLR 1023, HL.
Galoo Ltd v Bright Grahame Murray (1995) 1 All ER 16
Beco Ltd v Alfa Laval Co. Ltd (1994 4 All ER 464
Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341
Yetton v Eastwood roy Ltd [1967]1 WLR 104
Banco de Portugal v Waterlow & Sons [1932] AC 452
Hoffberger v Ascot Bloodstock Bureau Ltd (1976) 120 S] 130
British Westinghouse v Underground Electric Railways Co. of London [1912] AC 673
Pilkington v Wood [1953] Ch Ch 770
William Bros v ET Agius Ltd [1914] AC 510
Williams v Reynolds 1865) 6 B & S49S)
Bence Graphics International Ltd v Fasson UK Ltd [1998] QB 87
Bacon I V Cooper (Metals) Ltd [1982]1 All FR 397)
Kwei Tek Chao v British Traders Ltd [1954] 2 QB 459
Jeancharrn Ltd v Barnet Football Club Ltd [2003] EWCA Civ 58, [2003] 92 Con LR 26
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd v New Caras. Md Motor Co. Ltd [1915] AC 79
Qualcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd v Ross [1979] IeR 386, [1979] IRLR 98, EAT.
Enessy Co SA v Minoprio [1978] IRLR 489,
Adda International Ltd v Curcio [1976] feR 407, [1976] IRLR 425
Lifeguard Assurance ltd v Zadrozny 1977] IRLR 56
Smith, Kline and French Laboratories Ltd v Coates [1977] IRLR 220
Brownson v Hire Service Shops Ltd [1978] ICR 517,
Young’s of Gosport Ltd v Kendell [1977] ICR 907, [1977] IRLR4,
Daley A E Dorsett (Almar) Dolls) Ltd [1982] 1
Polkey v AE Dayton Services Ltd [1988] ICR 142
Kelly-Madden v Manor Surgery (UKEAT/0105/06)
Irgesund Converters Ltd v Lewis ,198411CR 544 at 552.
Celanese v. BP [1999] RPC 203.
Union Carbide v. BP [1998] FSR 1
Siddell v. Vickers (1888) 5 RPC 416
My Kinda ,Town II [1983] RPC 15
Potton v. Yorkclose [1990] FSR 11
Cohen v Roche [1927J 1 KB 169
Sky Petroleum Ltd v VIP Petroleum Ltd [1974] 1 All ER 954
Ball v Coggs (710) 1 Bro Pari Cas 140, HL;
Kenney v Wexham (l822) 6 Madd 355;
Adderley v Dix:on (1824) I Sim & 51 607;
Clifford v Turrell (J84l) I Y & C Ch Cas 138;
Beswick v Beswick [1968J AC 58
Ashton v Corrigan (I87l) LR 13 Eq 76
Swiss Bank Corpn v Lloyds Bank Ltd [1982] AC 584
Deero-Wall International SA v Practitioners in Marketing Ltd [1971J 1 WLR 361
Evans Marshall & Co v Bertola SA [1973J 1 All ER 992.
Lumley v Wagner (l8S2) 1 De GM & G 604;
Johnson v Shrewsbury and Birmingham Rly (ISS3) 3 De GM & G 914;
Brett v East India and London Shipping Co Ltd (1864) 2 Hem & M 404
Britain v Rossiter , (I879) 11 QBD 123;
Rigby v Connol (I880) 14 Ch D 482;
De Francesco v Barnum (l890) 45 Ch D 430
Sutherland Publishing v Caxton Publishing [1936] Ch 323, 336
Ludlow v. Williams [2002] FSR 868, 882
Warner Bros Picture Inc v Nelson [1937] 1 KB 209
Page One Records Ltd v Britton [1967] 3 All ER 822
CH Giles & Co Ltd v Morris [1972] 1 WLR 307
Scandinavian Trading Tanker Co Ab v Flota Petrolera Ecuatoriana, The Scraptrade [1983] 2 AC 694
Ryan v Mutual Tontine Westminster Chambers Association [1893] 1 Ch 116
Tito v Waddell (No.2) [1977] Ch 106
Giles & Co Ltd v Morris
Jefferys v Jefferys (l841) Cr & Ph 138
Cannon v Hartley [1949] Ch 213.
Wolverhampton Corpn v Emmons [1901] 1 KB 515 at 525, per Romer LJ;
Redland Bricks Ltd v Morris [1970] AC 652 at 666,
England v Curling (I844) 8 Beav 129
Sichel v Mosenthal (1862) 30 Beav 371; and Scott v Rayment (I868)LR , Eq 112.
Baxter v Conolly (l820) I Jac & W S76
Darbey v Whitaker (18S7) 4 Drew 134
Bluscope Steel v Kelly (2007) FCA 517
The Spycatcher [1990] AC 109
Coulthard v. DMC [1999]2All ER 457, 477-80
Attorney General v Blake [1996] 3 WLR 741
Gorse v Durham County Council [1971]2 All ER 666
Ruxley Electronics and Construction Limited v Forsyth [1996] AC 344

Attorney General v Blake (2001)1 AC 268

Internet references

H, MacQueen et al, “DCFR and “restitutionary damages” for breach of contract” http://www.law.ed.ac.ukleplnlblogentry.aspx?blogentryref=7780
S, Cotton, “Remedies for breach of contract” · http://ld.practicallaw.coml7 -101-0603

Legislation
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
Misrepresentation Act 1967
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999.
Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982

Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002.
Civil Procedure Rules 1998
Sale of Goods Act. 1893
Sale of Goods Act 1979
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999
Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974,
Employment Rights Act 1996
Intellectual Property (Enforcement, etc) Regulations 2006

Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged breach of confidence, consultation paper, consultative document, consumer legislation, flesner, j n adams

Equality Act 2010

Posted on December 9, 2011 by Services

Equality Act 2010 – Protected Characteristics to Disability

Presentation slides

Avoiding Discrimination

Background

Equality law formerly consisted of a variety of legislation:
Equal Pay Act 1970
Sex Discrimination Act 1975
Race Relations Act 1976
Sex Discrimination Act 1986
Disability Discrimination Act 1995
Equality Act 2006
Employment Equality (Religion and Belief) Regulations 2003
Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003
Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006
Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007
In force
Majority of Equality Act 2010 in force from 1 October 2010
Provisions re public sector duties, positive action in recruitment from April 2011

Employment Act 2010 Statutory Code of Practice – Published 2011 guidance on Act
Code 1.13
“The Code does not impose legal obligations. Nor is it an authoritative
statement of the law; only the tribunals and the courts can provide such
authority. However, the Code can be used in evidence in legal proceedings
brought under the Act. Tribunals and courts must take into account any
part of the Code that appears to them relevant to any questions arising in
proceedings.”

Purpose
Reform and harmonise equality law
Prohibit discrimination, victimisation and other prohibited conduct
Increase equality of opportunity

s.4 Protected characteristics
Age
Disability
Gender reassignment
Marriage
Civil partnership
Pregnancy and maternity
Race
Religion & belief
Sex
Sexual orientation
s.5 Age
Definition:
A person who has characteristic or
To a group of persons of the same age group

s.6 Disability
Definition:
Physical or mental impairment
Impairment has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on P’s ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.

To be continued ….

Posted in Employment Law | Tagged disability discrimination act, discrimination act 1995, discrimination law, equality act, equality law, sex discrimination act, sex discrimination act 1975, sexual orientation regulations, UK employment law

Application for default judgment

Posted on December 9, 2011 by Services

Brief summary

Rule 8(1) of the Employment Tribunals (Constitution & Rules etc) Regs 2004

8(2) Evidence no response has been presented to the employment tribunal office within the relevant rule time limit.

Apply for a default judgement within rule 8(3) which deals with both liability and remedy.

Posted in Employment Law | Tagged default judgment, employment tribunals, tribunal office, employment tribunal, brief summary, Employment law Training Courses, UK Law, ukemplaw, management training, training, discipline, dismissal, discrimination, maternity, absence management, harassment, bullying, stress, trade unions, data protection, performance appraisals, family friendly, employment law seminars

Application for Revocation of a Default Judgement

Posted on December 9, 2011 by Services

Rule 33 of the Employment Tribunals (Constitution & Rules etc) Regs 2004. Regulation 33 (2) would apply to the application and it states:

“the application must state the reasons why the default judgement should be varied or revoked. When it is the Respondent applying to have the default judgement reviewed, the application must include with it the Respondent’s proposed response to the claim [where that has not been received by the employment tribunal] an application for an extension of the time limit for presenting the response and an explanation of why rules 4(1) and (4) were not complied with.”

Rule 4(1) deals with presenting the response within 28 days of receiving a copy of the claim. Rule 4(4) states that subject to “rule 33 the employment judge shall only extend the time within which a response may be presented if he is satisfied that it is just and equitable to do so.”

Request for extension should have been made pursuant to Rule 4(1), 4(4), setting out why it is just and equitable to extend the time limit for submission of the response.

According to 33(1) when read with 33(2) the request for extension of time for submission of the response should be in the request for review. The rule states that the application for extension of time should be within 14 days of receipt of the default judgement.

Rule 33(6) requires a good reason why the response has not been presented in the applicable time limit. Rule 33(2A) allows employment judges to refuse applications without need for hearing where the requirements of rule 33 paragraph (2) have not been met.

Rule 33(5) There should be a reasonable prospect of successfully responding to the claim or part of it. The EAT in Pestle & Mortar v Turner UKEAT/0652/05 stated that this was a point the tribunal should take into account in exercising their discretion.

In the Pestle case it was held that it was necessary to weigh the balance of prejudice to each of the parties in the case as regards revoking the default judgement.

In Kwik Save Stores Ltd v Swain [1997] ICR 49 EAT per Mummery P who held that the relevant factors to consider are:

1.the explanation for the non-compliance
2.the merits of the events
3.the balance of possible prejudice to each party

Rule 4A requires the application to include notification to all parties that any objection to the application must be sent to the employment tribunal within seven days of receiving the application or, if a hearing of any type is due to take place before the expiry of that seven day period, before the date of that hearing and that any objection to the application must be copied to both the employment tribunal office and all other parties.

Parties need to confirm (where represented) that they have complied with their obligations under Regulation 11 (4) schedule 1 of the employment tribunal (constitution and rules of procedure) Regulations 2004 and that a copy of correspondence has been sent to other party’s solicitors.

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